Until few years, conventional satellites were optimum solution to provide space-based applications such as communication, earth observation, and navigation, among others. However, the competition has grown largely with high agility and technological advancements in terrestrial technologies, which has led to need for advancement in satellite enabling flexibility in order to be agile and compatible with terrestrial network. This revolutionized the advent of software-defined satellites, which are capable to alter the satellite parameters, such as power, coverage, frequency and bandwidth, while the satellite is in-orbit. This technology promises to offer capability at par to reconfigure the satellite in order to meet the changing demands of the end users.
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The satellite industry is a significant capital intensive market involving huge costs in development and launch of a satellite, therefore assurance of returns and minimization of risks associated with satellite loss are the prerequisites for the satellite operators. In addition, owing to the demand from end users to averse operational risk and the consumer preferences toward proven technology, the operators have been further induced to provide quality services. This has led to shift from conventional rigid processes toward greater flexibility in manufacturing, designing, and launching processes. Technological innovation with high throughput satellite (HTS), small satellites, electric propulsion system, autonomous platforms, and advanced electronic components such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and microprocessors have been revolutionizing the space industry. The next big leap is the emergence of software-defined satellites, which provide a dynamic platform to reconfigure the satellites while in-orbit. Such technology, due to advancement in payload electronics and inclusion of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the architecture, is promising an era of digital space communication.
The era of flexible satellite started with inclusion of software defined radios (SDRs) and HTS, which provided optimum utilization of frequency. Currently, the market is rapidly evolving with development of fully reconfigurable satellites, which can offer flexibility in frequency, power, bandwidth and coverage. Architectures such as Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) led to the innovation of such reconfigurable payloads, which allow the satellite to alter its mission while in orbit. Moreover, the inclusion of cloud computation, artificial intelligence, and machine learning enables open interfaces to leverage automation, self-service operations, event-driven management, customization in services and easy reconfigurability, dynamic resource allocation, flexible multi-resource management with virtualized integration of satellite and terrestrial technologies, and automated and dynamic end-to-end services.
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Along with leveraging technical benefits and dynamic operations, software-defined satellites provide several business opportunities to software developing companies, which was traditionally among space agencies, satellite manufacturers, operators, and service providers. Currently, companies such as IBM, Google, SAP, Greekware, Amazon, and Nvidia are collaborating with space agencies and commercial companies to integrate advanced products such as cloud computation, artificial intelligence, machine learning and data security, to enable satellites to compliment or bypass terrestrial network. For instance, in November 2018, European Space Agency (ESA) announced the development of Earth observation satellite with artificial intelligence processor in collaboration of Amazon, Google, NVIDIA, and SAP. In addition, ESA has plans to develop an AI system as a part of Earth Observation Envelope Programme, which is expected to acquire images from all the satellites operated by ESA and European commercial players, and thus deriving the potential information by analyzing this huge data. Such developments signify increased adoption of advanced technology at components and subsystem level to evolve in new business ventures, in order to remain competitive and to adapt with evolving customer demand.
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