The aviation industry has been working on the more electric aircraft for the past decade. Some of the more electric aircraft include Airbus 380, Boeing 787, Airbus 350, and the F-35 JSF. The sector is focusing on developing hybrid-electric, turbo-electric, and all-electric aircraft. These aircraft will require light, efficient, and high-power density motors that will be suitable with the weight and size constraints of an aircraft, mainly for architecture that uses multiple distributed fans to obtain high propulsive efficiency. In addition to high power density motors, the hybrid-electric and turbo-electric architectures will also need light, efficient and high-power density generators that convert shaft power to electricity, together with an intermediate, lightweight gearbox which will reduce the turbine’s high rotational speed to a slower rate suitable for a generator.
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The non-propulsive aircraft systems such as actuation, de-icing, and air-conditioning have been relying on mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic sources of power. These systems have conventionally been powered by the aircraft engines, with power generated through various mechanisms such as hydraulic and electric systems, which gain power from mechanical conversion through the engine gearbox, whereas pneumatic power is generated by engine compressor air bleed systems.
In a more electric aircraft (MEA), the aircraft employs more electrical equipment in place of systems that would earlier have been mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic. The B737 became the first aircraft which introduced electrical cabin equipment and avionics. After this, MEA trend followed the introduction of the fly by wire (FBW) system in the Airbus A320 in the late 1980s. This MEA concept then led to the introduction of the A380 and the employment of an electrically actuated thrust reverser, along with hybrid electro-hydraulic actuation systems for wing and tail flight control surfaces. After this, the XX became the first large commercial aircraft to have an electrically powered environmental control system (ECS) and to implement electrically actuated brakes, as well as electrical de-icing.
The more electric aircraft will increase the adoption of whole aircraft electrical power systems such as energy storage and recovery systems, high voltage battery systems, and fuel cells. Some of the alternative energy storage technologies include fuel cells, liquid air, compressed H2 or liquid H2, ultra-capacitors, or mechanical flywheels. Fuel cell systems have been explored recently for transportation applications for the purpose of on-board power generation. By replacing the main engine generators, fuel cell systems can be the solution for increasing demands of electrical power capacity with their major benefits such as higher fuel efficiency, lower to nil emissions, direct current generation, decentralization of power generation, and potential water recovery.
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The increase in air travel has made air passengers pay more attention to their travel comfort experience during flights. Aircraft manufacturers and cabin system providers such as Airbus, Boeing, Safran (Zodiac Aerospace), Thales, Honeywell, and UTC are focusing on providing cutting edge technology for cabin systems. For instance, in 2019, Airbus has begun in-flight trials of connected cabin technologies, applying IoT (Internet of Things) technology onboard an A350-900 Flight Lab aircraft.
The emerging strategies and developments by major stakeholders have resulted in the development of products in the market. Moreover, the market growth is further expected to attract the involvement of leading aviation companies across different segments of the value chain. The key players that are actively participating in the more electric aircraft market include Boeing, Thales, Raytheon Technologies (previously United Technologies Corporation), TTTech Computertechnik AG, Safran, Lockheed Martin, Rolls Royce, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), Honeywell International, Inc., GE Aviation, Elbit Systems, BAE Systems, Bombardier, Astronics, and Airbus, among others.
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